Correction and Retraction

Correction

Corrections are issued when errors are identified in published articles that do not affect the validity of the main findings or conclusions. These may include errors in author names, affiliations, references, tables, figures, or other relevant information. The editorial team will evaluate the reported errors and publish a correction notice when necessary.

Retraction

An article may be retracted if serious errors or ethical violations compromise its reliability or integrity. Reasons for retraction may include:

• Significant plagiarism.
• Data fabrication or falsification.
• Duplicate publication without proper justification.
• Serious violations of research ethics.
• Fundamental errors that invalidate the research findings.

The editorial team will investigate the case fairly and provide the author(s) with an opportunity to respond. If retraction is necessary, the journal will publish a retraction notice explaining the reasons. The original article will remain accessible and be clearly marked as “Retracted” to preserve the scholarly record.